The rupture and fractionation do not usually occur in the water column in vessel/tracheids during the ascent of sap because of (a) weak gravitational pull (b) transpiration pull (c) lignified thick walls (d) cohesion and adhesion.
Option D Cohesion, adhesion and surface tension are the forces responsible for movement of water up the tracheary elements. Water molecules remain attached to one another by a strong mutual force of attraction called cohesion force. On account of cohesion force, the water column can bear a tension or pull of upto 100 atm. Therefore, the cohesion force is also called tensile strength. Its theoretical value is about 15,000 atm but the measured value inside the tracheary elements ranges between 45 atm to 207 atm. Water column does not further break its connection from the tracheary elements because of another force called adhesion force between their walls and water molecules. Another force called surface tension accounts for high capillarity through tracheids and vessels.
