The fourth chapter in the History textbook is ‘The Age of Industrialisation’.
This chapter covers the history of Britain, the first industrial nation, and then India, where the pattern of industrial change was conditioned by colonial rule. It begins with explaining the scenario before the Industrial Revolution and how it changed over time in terms of labour, setting up of factories, etc.
The topics discussed in this chapter are as follows:
· Before the Industrial Revolution
· Hand Labour and Steam Power
· Industrialisation in the Colonies
· Factories come up
· The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
· Market for Goods
Students can view and download the chapter from the link given below.
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NCERT Solutions for Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation
Also Check
Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Chapter 2: Nationalism in India
Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World
Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World
Check out Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation
When and where was the first cotton mill established in India?
What type of restrictions were imposed on the Indian merchants in the 19th century? Mention any two.
- They were debarred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods.
- They were gradually edged out of the shipping business.
How did the job-seekers spend their nights in Britain?
- Many job-seekers had to wait weeks spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.
- The shelters were maintained under the supervision of the Poor Law Commissioners for the ‘destitute, wayfarers, wanderers and foundling.’ Staying in these warehouses was a humiliating experience. Everyone was subjected to a medical examination to see whether they were carrying disease, their bodies were cleansed and their clothes purified. They had to also do hard labour.
- Some stayed in Night Refuges that were set up by private individuals.
- Some went to the Casual Wards maintained by the Poor Law authorities.
Describe the factors that were responsible for increasing the employment opportunities in Britain after 1840s.
- Building activity was intensified in the cities opening up greater opportunities of employment.
- Roads were widened.
- New railway stations were built.
- Railway lines were extended.
- Tunnels were dug.
- Drainage and sewers were laid.
- Rivers were embanked.
A large number of workers were employed in above activities. The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.
What was the condition of Indian industries at the time of the First World War?
- A large sector of Indian industries was controlled by European Managing Agencies.
- These Agencies mobilised capital, set up joint-stock companies and managed them.
- In most instances, Indian financiers provided the capital while the European Agencies
made all investment and business decisions. - The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which Indian businessmen were not allowed to join.
