Topics to be covered
- The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
- Nationalism in India
- The Making of a Global world
- The Age of Industrialization
You can access FREE E-BOOKS at Safalta to prepare yourself for your examinations and test your knowledge.
FREE MOCK PAPERS are also available that can help you test your own yourself. These papers can help you prepare for your exams in a better way.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
- The French Revolution of 1789 in France was the first overt manifestation of nationalism.
- It stated that the nation would now be made up of the people, who would also choose its future.
- a transfer of power from the monarch to the people of France
- Through a variety of actions and customs, the French people developed a feeling of national identity.
- Napoleon incorporated novel ideas to improve the system's logic and effectiveness.
- The Napoleonic Code, sometimes known as the Civil Code of 1804, was implemented.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
Autocratic monarchy ruled Eastern and Central Europe, which had various populations. During the nineteenth century, industrialization began in France and some of the German states. New social classes, including the middle class and the working class, emerged.A New Conservatism after 1815
Together, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria defeated Napoleon in 1815, and the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was negotiated as a means of peace. The Bourbon family was reinstated to power in accordance with the terms of this treaty, and France lost the provinces that Napoleon had seized. To stop further French expansion, a number of nations were established along its borders. On its western frontiers, Prussia received significant new lands, while Austria was awarded control of northern Italy and Russia was given a portion of Poland. Fear of repression pushed many liberalnationalists underground in the years after 1815. Many European nations saw the emergence of secret societies to educate revolutionaries and promote their ideologies.. The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.The Age of Revolutions : 1830-1848
The age of revolutions serves as a symbol for the years 1830–1848. France saw the first uprising in July 1830. Now, liberal revolutionaries had overthrown the Bourbon kings. The constitutional monarchy was established by Louis Philippe. Belgium and the Kingdom of the Netherlands split apart. In 1821, the Greek Independence War began. Greece was officially recognised as an autonomous country by the Treaty of Constantinople in 1832.Also Check-
CBSE Class 10 Model Papers for Term 1 Exam : Download In PDF
CBSE results delayed for TERM-1 EXAMS 2022-23
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
Europe experienced severe economic suffering during the 1830s. People moved to the metropolis from rural areas to live in the overcrowded slums. Small local producers frequently faced fierce competition from inexpensive English machine-made imports. Food shortages and severe unemployment forced the populace of Paris to take to the streets as a result of rising food costs or a poor harvest year. A liberal (educated middle class)-led revolt also occurred in 1848. In the German regions, a sizable number of political organisations gathered in Frankfurt and agreed to vote for an all-German National Assembly. They made demands for constitutionalism with national unification. A Constitution for a German nation was drafted which was to be headed by monarchy subject to a ParliamentThe Making of Germany
After 1848, middle class Germans exhibited a strong nationalist sentiment. Prussia and the German Confederation started putting together a German state. Three wars—the Danish War, the Austro-Prussian War, and the Franco-Prussian War—were fought, and the Prussians won all three. In 1871, this triumph brought about the unification of Germany. Kaiser William I of Prussia was crowned German Emperor.Italy unified
Italians were dispersed over a number of dynastic realms and the international Habsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven republics by the middle of the nineteenth century, but only one of them, SardiniaPiedmont, was controlled by an Italian princely house. Three revolutionaries—Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi—led the unification process. Victor Emmanuel-II was crowned king of the United Italy in 1861, after Italy had finally been united.To check the preparation tips for scoring maximum marks in CBSE class 10 Social Studies Board Exam, click here.
The Strange Case of Britain
There was no nation of Great Britain before to the seventeenth century. In the British Isles, people with various identities such as English, Welsh, Scots, or Irish were present. The "United Kingdom of Great Britain" was established as a result of the Act of Union between England and Scotland in 1707. As a result, Scotland's unique cultural and political institutions were destroyed. In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.TIME LINE
- Nationalism in Europe (1789-1914 )
- Nationalism in Britain (1688-1801)
- Unification of Italy (1859-1861)
- Nationalism among Balkans (1871- 1914)
- Nationalism in France (1830-1848) Unification of Italy (1859-1861)
- 1714 : George-I became the king of the Great Britain.
- 1715: Louis XV became the king of France.
- 1756-1763: The Seven Years War.
- 1776: The American Declaration of Independence.
- 1789: The French Revolution occurred.
- 1797: Napoleon invaded Italy; Napoleonic wars began.
- 1814-1815: Fall of Napoleon.
- 1831: Giuseppe Mazzini established Young Italy
- 1832: Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1861-1888: Reign of King William-I of Prussia.
- 1866-1871: Unification of Germany.
Nationalism in India
India's rise in nationalism during the first decade of the 20th century. The First World War brought forth a new economic and political environment in the years after 1919. They chose Mahatma Gandhi as their leader, and the fight for India's freedom grew more fierce.The idea of Satyagraha
In January 1915, Gandhiji made his way back to India from South Africa, where he had opposed the racist government using a cutting-edge strategy of mass protest that he dubbed Satyagraha. In numerous locations, including Kheda in Gujarat and Champaran in Bihar, he organised Satyagraha movements. These actions appeared to be effective.The Rowlatt Act
The Rowlatt Act granted the British government broad authority to suppress political activity and permitted the two-year detention of political prisoners without charge. Now, Mahatma Gandhi made the decision to start a national Satyagraha. Numerous cities organised rallies, railroad workshop workers went on strike, and businesses were shut down. General Dyer gave the order to open fire on a crowd of people at Amritsar's Jallianwalla Bagh on April 13, 1919. There were numerous unintentional fatalities. This triggered turmoil in India, which resulted in demonstrations, run-ins with the law, and attacks on public property. Gandhiji made the decision to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement in September at the Calcutta session of the Congress to bring Hindus and Muslims together in favour of the Khilafat and swaraj. He suggested that the movement should emerge gradually. The government-awarded titles should be renounced, and the military, police, courts, legislative bodies, educational institutions, and foreign products should all be boycotted. A peaceful protest in a Gorakhpur market in 1922 evolved into a violent altercation with the police at Chauri Chaura. When Mahatma Gandhi learned about the incident, he immediately halted the non-cooperation movement.The Indian government now started to push for complete independence. In 1928, the Simon Commission arrived in India. Simon Go Back was shouted in response to it. All parties, including the Muslim League and the Congress, took part in the nonviolent protests. Lala Lajpat Rai took part in it as well. To crush the opposition, the British police deployed harsh repression. Lala Lajpat Rai was brutally beaten during a lathi charge, and on November 17th, 1929, he passed away from his wounds. A Round Table Conference was convened in 1929, but it did not satisfy the leaders of the Congress. Under Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formally proclaimed Purna Swaraj, or complete independence for India, in 1929.It was declared that 26 January, 1930 would be celebrated as the ke a pledge to struggle for complete independence.The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
Mahatma Gandhi began his well-known Salt March (Dandi March) The Civil Disobedience Movement began with this. Various social groups took part in this initiative. Numerous people disobeyed the ban on salt production, made salt, and protested in front of official salt facilities. Gandhi was detained. The Sholapur industrial workers were enraged by this, and they attacked police stations, government offices, courthouses, and train stations.But the government's response was one of harsh repression. Gandhiji once more put an end to the movement and, on March 5, 1931, he made a deal with Irwin under which he agreed to attend a Round Table Conference in London. However, the negotiations were fruitless, and he left dissatisfied. He returned to India and learned that a fresh round of repression had been unleashed by the authorities. As a result, Mahatma Gandhi reinstituted the Civil Disobedience Movement with much trepidation. This time around, folks lacked enthusiasm.- 1906: The All-India Muslim League was formed.
- 1914: The First World War was started.
- 1919: The Rowlatt Act; Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre; Hartal (Strike) against the Rowlatt Act
- 1921: The Non-Cooperation movement launched.
- 1922: Chauri Chaura incident, withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
- 1928: Bardoli satyagraha; Simon Commission was set up in India; Lala Lajpat Rai was injured during a demonstration against Simon Commission, and at the end died.
- 1929: Lahore Congress adopted demands for Purna Swaraj. 1930: The Civil Disobedience Movement was started by breaking salt law at Dandi.
- 1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact took place; End of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Poona Pact signed.
- 1932: Civil Disobedience Movement relaunched. 1942: The Quit India Movement was started.
