Covalent Bond
The atomic number of carbon is 6.
Its electronic configuration is 2, 4.
It requires, 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic configuration.
Types of Covalent Bond
- Single Covalent Bond: When a single pair of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. For example; F2, Cl2, H2 etc.
- Double Covalent Bond: When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.
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For example; O2, CO2 etc. - Triple Covalent Bond: When three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. For example; N2 etc.
Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
Most of the organic compounds have low boiling and melting point, due to the weak force of attraction (i.e., the inter-molecular force of attraction) between these molecules.
Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity, due to the absence of free electrons and free ions.
| Compounds | M.P. (K) | B.P. (K) |
| Acetic acid (CH3COOH) | 290 | 391 |
| Chloroform (CHCl3) | 209 | 334 |
| Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) | 156 | 351 |
| Methane (CH4) | 90 | 111 |
Allotropes of Carbon
Diamond
In this, carbon, an atom is bonded to four other atoms of carbon forming three-dimensional structures. It is the hardest substance and an insulator. It is used for drilling rocks and cutting. It is also used for making jewellery.
Graphite
In this, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms. It is a good conductor of electricity and used as a lubricant.
Buckminster Fullerene
It is an allotrope of the carbon-containing cluster of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules. It is dark solid at room temperature.
The topics covered in this chapter are as follows:
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Soaps and Detergents
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Covalent Bonds
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Covalent Bonding in H2, N2 and O2
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Single, Double and Triple Bonds and Their Strengths
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Covalent Bonding of N, O with H and PolarityCovalent Bonding in Carbon
- Mp, Bp and Electrical Conductivity
- Allotropes of Carbon
- Chains, Branches and Rings
- Functional Groups and Nomenclature
- Esterification
- Saponification
